d block elements trend

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Topic updated on 10/13/2020 12:21pm

First ionization energy graph of elements from H to Cs

Variation of metalic radius, electronnegativity and ionisation energy from Sc to Zn

Physical properties of elements

Z and symbol	21 Sc	22 Ti	23 V	24 Cr	25 Mn	26 Fe	27 Co	28 Ni	29 Cu	30 Zn
property\name	scandium	titanium	vanadium	chromium	manganese	iron	cobalt	nickel	copper	zinc
melting point/^oC	1541	1668	1910	1857	1246	1538	1495	1455	1083	420
density/gcm^–3	2.99	4.54	6.11	7.19	7.33	7.87	8.90	8.90	8.92	7.13
atomic radius/pm	161	145	132	125	124	124	125	125	128	133
M²⁺ ionic radius/pm	na	90	88	84	80	76	74	72	69	74
M³⁺ ionic radius/pm	81	76	74	69	66	64	63	62	na	na
common oxidation states	+3 only	+2,3,4	+2,3,4,5	+2,3,6	+2,3,4,6,7	+2,3,6	+2,3	+2,+3	+1,2	+2 only
outer electron configuration [Ar]…	3d¹4s²	3d²4s²	3d³4s²	3d⁵4s¹	3d⁵4s²	3d⁶4s²	3d⁷4s²	3d⁸4s²	3d¹⁰4s¹	3d¹⁰4s²

Oxidation numbers of elements from Sc to Zn (Common oxidation numbers are shown in bold letters)

Instances where d block elements and their compounds are used in industry as catalysts.

Formation of coloured compounds

Transition ions formed by d block metals have partially filled d orbitals. These ions absorb selected range of wave length in white light and get excited and shows the complementary colours. However, d⁰ and d¹⁰ confingurations are colourless.

Sc³⁺ – Colourless

Co²⁺ – Pink

Ti⁴⁺ – Colourless

Ni²⁺ – Green

Ti³⁺ – Purple

Cu²⁺ – Blue

V³⁺ – Green

Cu⁺ – Colourless

V²⁺ – Violet

Zn²⁺ – Colourless

Cr³⁺ – Purple

Mn³⁺ – Violet

Mn²⁺ – Pale pink

Fe³⁺ – Brown yellow

Fe²⁺ – Pale green

Colours of some oxoanions: Usually, d element oxoanions are coloured.
MnO₄^– – Purple/Violet
MnO₄^2- – Green
CrO₄^2- – Yellow
Cr₂O₇^2- – Orange

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