{"id":6274,"date":"2020-10-13T15:39:56","date_gmt":"2020-10-13T10:09:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/astan.lk\/al_virtualclassroom\/?p=6274"},"modified":"2020-10-13T15:39:21","modified_gmt":"2020-10-13T10:09:21","slug":"electromagnetic-waves","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/astan.lk\/al_virtualclassroom\/electromagnetic-waves\/","title":{"rendered":"Electromagnetic waves"},"content":{"rendered":"
The Electromagnetic radiations are a form of energy which are emitted and absorbed by the charged particles. These radiations exhibit the wave like behavior while it travel through the space. Electromagnetic waves have electric as well as magnetic field which are orthogonal to each other and also to the propagation of the waves.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
These radiations composed of several types of waves in different wavelength and frequency regions. These frequencies and wavelength are described with the help of electromagnetic spectrum.<\/div>\n
\n

<\/h3>\n

Electromagnetic Spectrum<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
\n

The Electromagnetic spectrum is divided into several regions based on different frequencies, wavelengths and their characteristics.\u00a0The figure shown below shows the Electromagnetic Spectrum Diagram which consists of all the em waves with respect to the wavelength and frequencies.<\/p>\n

\"Electromagnetic
\n<\/b><\/p>\n

The Regions of the Electromagnetic Spectrum are as follows:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Radio wave: <\/span>
\nThese waves are majorly used for communication. These radio waves are further divided into several bands extending from extremely low frequency to extremely high frequencies. Although different geography have different notions for different frequencies but the entire band is commonly used for communication worldwide.Microwave:<\/span>
\nThese waves are initially thought of no use, but with research it is now-a-days used for several purposes. The initial use of the microwave is in long range communication but with time it is also used for heating the food.<\/p>\n

Infrared wave:<\/span>
\nThe infrared wave lies between 300 GHz to 405 THz and hence the infrared wavelength is in between 750 nm – 1 mm. The near infrared lies between 0.75-1.4 \u03bc<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u03bc<\/span><\/span>m wavelength range of infrared region while the far infrared lies between 15 – 1000 \u03bc<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u03bc<\/span><\/span>m wavelength range of infrared region. Infrared spectrometers are generally used to study the Vibrational Spectra of molecules.<\/p>\n

Visible light :<\/span>
\nThe frequencies in this region can be sensed by our eyes and interpreted as colors ranging from violet to red. With the violet having shorter wavelength and higher frequency while the red color have higher wavelength and shorter frequency.<\/p>\n

Ultraviolet wave or rays :<\/span>
\nThe ultraviolet rays lie above the visible spectrum and are invisible to our eyes. These waves can be felt as sun burns.<\/p>\n

X-rays :<\/span>
\nThe X-rays lie above the ultraviolet band and are produced by the sudden stoppage of the high speed charged particle by the use of metal target which absorbs these particles and hence the x-rays are emitted by such particles.<\/p>\n

Gamma rays :<\/span>
\nThe Gamma rays are of extremely low wavelength and are produced by the radioactive decay of the radioactive atoms.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/h2>\n

Lasers<\/h3>\n

The term LASER is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. The first laser was constructed in 1960.<\/p>\n

(a) Action.<\/strong>
\nThe action of a laser can be explained in terms of energy levels. A material whose atoms are excited emits radiation when electrons in higher energy levels return to lower levels. Normally this occurs randomly, i.e. spontaneous emission occurs, \u00a0and the radiation is emitted in all directions and is incoherent. The emission of light from ordinary sources is due to this process. However, if a photon of exactly the correct energy approaches an excited atom, an electron in a higher energy level may be induced to fall to a lower level and emit another photon. The remarkable fact is that this photon has the same phase, frequency and direction of travel as the stimulating photon which is itself unaffected. This phenomenon was predicted by Einstein and is called stimulated emission<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

In a laser it is arranged that light emission by stimulated emission exceeds that by spontaneous emission. To achieve this it is necessary to have more electrons in an upper than a lower level. Such a condition, called an \u2018inverted population\u2019, is the reverse of the normal state to affairs but it is essential for light amplification, i.e. for a beam of light to increase in intensity as it passes through a material rather than to decrease as is usually the case.
\nOne method of creating an inverted population is known as \u2018optical pumping\u2019 and consists of illuminating the laser material with light. Consider two levels of energies E1 and E2, where E2 > E1. If the pumping radiation contains photons of frequency (E2- E1)\/h, electrons will be raised from level 1 to level 2 by photon absorption. Unfortunately, however, as soon as the electron population in level 2 starts to increase, the pumping radiation induces stimulated emission from level 2 to level 1, since it is of the correct frequency and no build up occurs.<\/p>\n

In a three level system, the pumping radiation of frequency (E3- E1)\/h, raises electrons from level 1 to level 3, from which they fall by spontaneous emission to level 2. An inverted population can arise between level 2 and 1 if electrons remain long enough in level 2. The spontaneous emission of a photon due to an electronic fall from level 2 to level 1 may subsequently cause the stimulated emission of a photon which in turn releases more photons from other atoms. The laser action thus occurs between level 2 and 1 and the pumping radiation has different frequency from that o the stimulated radiation.
\n\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

(b) Ruby Laser<\/strong>
\nMany materials can be used in laser. The ruby rod laser consists of a synthetic crystal of aluminium oxide containing a small amount of chromium as the laser material. It is a type of three-level leaser in which \u2018level\u20193 consists of a band of very close energy levels. The pumping radiation, produced by intense flashes of yellow-green light from a flash tube, \u00a0raises electrons from level 1 ( the ground level) into one of the levels of the band. From there they fall spontaneously to the metastable level 2 where they can remain for approximately 1 millisecond, as compared with 10-8 second in the energy band. Red laser light is emitted when they are stimulated to fall to level 1 from 2. One end of the ruby rod is silvered to act as a complete reflector whilst the other is thinly silvered and allow partial transmission. Stimulated light photons are reflected to and fro along the rod producing an intense beam, part of which emerges from the partially
\nsilvered end as the useful output of the laser.
\n\"\"<\/a>
\n(c) Helium \u2013 neon laser.<\/strong>
\nThis uses a mixture of helium and neon, and whereas the ruby laser emits short pulses of light, it works continuously and produces a less divergent beam. In one form the gas is in a long quartz tube with an optically flat mirror at each end. Pumping is done by a 28 M Hz r.f. generator instead of a flash tube. An electric discharge in the gas pumps the helium atoms to a higher energy level. They then excite the neon atoms to a higher level by collision and produce an inverted population of neon atom which emit radiation when they are stimulated to fall to a lower level.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(d). Uses.<\/strong>
\nSemiconductor lasers are used in optical fibre communication systems. Ruby lasers are used for range finding, welding, drilling and microcircuit fabrication. Helium-Neon lasers are used for the precision measurement of length, surveying, printing and holography.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The Electromagnetic radiations are a form of energy which are emitted and absorbed by the charged particles. These radiations exhibit the wave like behavior while it travel through the space. Electromagnetic waves have electric as well as magnetic field which are orthogonal to each other and also to the propagation of the waves. These radiations […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":842,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[16,1952],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6274","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-physics","category-unit-03-en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nElectromagnetic waves - Learning & Education Portal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/astan.lk\/al_virtualclassroom\/electromagnetic-waves\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Electromagnetic waves - Learning & Education Portal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The Electromagnetic radiations are a form of energy which are emitted and absorbed by the charged particles. 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