{"id":6067,"date":"2020-10-13T14:51:34","date_gmt":"2020-10-13T09:21:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/astan.lk\/al_virtualclassroom\/?p=6067"},"modified":"2020-10-13T14:51:55","modified_gmt":"2020-10-13T09:21:55","slug":"environmental-structure-and-cycles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/astan.lk\/al_virtualclassroom\/environmental-structure-and-cycles\/","title":{"rendered":"Composition of the ecosphere and cycles"},"content":{"rendered":"

Atmospheric Composition<\/u><\/h3>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Gaseous composition of dry air.<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Constituent<\/th>\nChemical symbol<\/th>\n% by volume<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Nitrogen<\/td>\nN2<\/sub><\/td>\n78.084<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Oxygen<\/td>\nO2<\/sub><\/td>\n20.947<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Argon<\/td>\nAr<\/td>\n0.934<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Carbon dioxide<\/td>\nCO2<\/sub><\/td>\n0.0350<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u2022 Also present are smaller amounts of Ne, He, CH4, Kr, H2 and in addition variable trace quantities of other pollutants such as NH3, SO2, CO, NO2, O3 and H2S. Water vapour present to about 4% in the atmosphere may not be uniformly distributed (may vary from time to time) but concentrated close to the oceans and large water bodies.<\/p>\n

\u2022 The amount of N2 in the atmosphere is high because of its inertness due to the presence of strong N \u2261N bond. Reactivity of O2 is greater than N2 and the amount of O2 is smaller than N2i n the atmosphere. Presence of O2 makes the atmosphere to be active and sustains life on the earth.<\/p>\n

\u2022 CO2 and H2O are the main ingredients for photosynthesis.<\/p>\n

Variation of atmospheric temperature, molar mass and pressure according to the altitude<\/u><\/strong>
\n\u2022 With the altitude mass is gradually decreasing and accordingly pressure is also coming down.But the temperature undergoes several inversions. Based on these thermal inversions atmosphere is divided into different regions. The region closer to the ground is the troposphere and the region above the troposphere is stratosphere. Ozone layer is located in the stratosphere.<\/p>\n

Composition of hydrosphere<\/u><\/h3>\n

\u2022 Water covers 70% of the earth\u2019s surface. Very little of the world\u2019s water is fresh water (2.6%).Most of the water (97.4%) is in the oceans. Most of the fresh water (76%) is frozen inglaciers and in the polar ice caps. Only a tiny fraction (0.01%) is available for human use.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Composition of earth\u2019s surface and whole earth<\/u><\/strong><\/h3>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Major cycles<\/u><\/strong>
\n\u2022 Knowledge of chemical cycles is very important to understand the fate of the chemicals, their abundance in different spheres, their possible environmental impacts and controlling the pollution problems.<\/p>\n

Carbon cycle<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2022 The only way that carbon gets into ecosystem is through photosynthesis.
\n\u2022 Animal gain carbon through their food.
\n\u2022 Decomposers get their carbon by digesting dead organisms.
\n\u2022 All living organisms return carbon to the air in the form of carbon dioxide through
\nrespiration.
\n\u2022 If plants or animals die in situations where there are no decomposers (E.g. : deep
\noceans) the carbon in them can get turned into fossil fuels over millions of years.
\n\u2022 The carbon in fossil fuels is released during the combustion.
\n\u2022 Microorganisms are important in the carbon cycle because they can quickly get the
\ncarbon in dead material back into the atmosphere<\/p>\n

Oxygen cycle<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u2022 Atmospheric oxygen is removed through combustion (chemical \/ biological) and respiration and replenished through photosynthesis.
\n\u2022 Most oxygen is stored in the oxide minerals of the earth crust and mantle but is bound to rocks and unavailable for use.
\n\u2022 Most available oxygen comes from photosynthesis and some is made in the atmosphere when sunlight breaks down (photolysis) water.<\/p>\n

Nitrogen cycle<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2022 Atmospheric nitrogen is fixed by bacteria. Some live free in the soil (Eg:- Azotobacter).Others like Rhizobium are found inside root nodules of leguminous plants (hat\u2019s peas,beans and cloves). Atmospheric nitrogen is changed into ammonia, nitrites and then nitrates which all plants can absorb and use to make protein.<\/p>\n

\u2022 Nitrogen in the plant proteins is passed onto animals through food chains.<\/p>\n

\u2022 When living organisms die their nitrogen is returned to the soil in the form of ammonium compounds by micro organisms. Animals get rid of excess aminoacids via deamination in their liver. The nitrogen gets back into the soil via their urine.<\/p>\n

\u2022 Ammonium compounds are changed into nitrates by nitrifying bacteria. Firstly nitrosomonas changes ammonium compounds into nitrites, then Nitrobacter changes the compounds into nitrates.<\/p>\n

\u2022 Nitrates are converted back into atmospheric nitrogen by denitrifying bacteria like
\nPseudomonas and Thiobacillus.<\/p>\n

Hydrological cycle<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2022 Optimum compositions of atmosphere, hydrosphere and earth\u2019s surface are important on environmental equilibrium for sustainability of earth. If this equilibrium is disturbed the following problems could occur.
\n\u2022 Damaging effects on human health
\n\u2022 Damage on plants and hindrance of their growth
\n\u2022 Damage on marble buildings and metallic structures
\n\u2022 Increase in salinity \/ alkalinity
\n\u2022 Weathering of rocks
\n\u2022 Climatic changes (may cause drought \/ flood)<\/p>\n

\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Atmospheric Composition \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Gaseous composition of dry air. Constituent Chemical symbol % by volume Nitrogen N2 78.084 Oxygen O2 20.947 Argon Ar 0.934 Carbon dioxide CO2 0.0350 \u2022 Also present are smaller amounts of Ne, He, CH4, Kr, H2 and in addition variable […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":842,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[14,1682],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6067","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-chemistry","category-unit-16"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nComposition of the ecosphere and cycles - Learning & Education Portal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/astan.lk\/al_virtualclassroom\/environmental-structure-and-cycles\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Composition of the ecosphere and cycles - Learning & Education Portal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Atmospheric Composition \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Gaseous composition of dry air. 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