{"id":6061,"date":"2020-10-13T14:41:24","date_gmt":"2020-10-13T09:11:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/astan.lk\/al_virtualclassroom\/?p=6061"},"modified":"2020-10-13T14:41:23","modified_gmt":"2020-10-13T09:11:23","slug":"polymers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/astan.lk\/al_virtualclassroom\/polymers\/","title":{"rendered":"Polymers"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u2022 Polymers are large molecules formed by the union of a large number of repeating units.<br \/>\neg. n(C<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>4<\/sub>) Polymer<\/p>\n<p>Polymers can be classified as natural and synthetic.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Natural polymers are naturally synthesised in living\/bio systems.<br \/>\neg. Natural rubber, proteins enzymes.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Synthetic polymers are synthesised by man (man made polymers).<br \/>\neg. Polythene, polyvinyl chloride, polyesters, Teflon, Bakelite, nylon,urea formaldehyde.<\/p>\n<p>Polymers can be classified in accordance with the method of synthesis.<br \/>\n\u2022 Addition polymers<br \/>\n\u2022 Condensation polymers<\/p>\n<p>Polymers can be classified based on their thermal properties.<br \/>\n\u2022 Thermoplastic polymers :<br \/>\nCan be softened by heating, allow to cool and harden and then re-softened many times. The forces of attraction between chains are weak.<br \/>\neg. Polythene, PVC, Polystyrene<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Thermosetting polymers:<br \/>\nDuring the first stage of manufacture, once moulded they set and then cannot be re-softened by heating. Polymer chains are cross linked to form a three dimentional structure.<br \/>\neg. Bakelite, Urea-formaldehyde<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Addition Polymers<\/h3>\n<p>Unsaturated monomers undergo additional polymerization to form addition polymers.<\/p>\n<h4>Polythene<\/h4>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-10057\" src=\"http:\/\/astan.lk\/al_virtualclassroom\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/pety-300x148.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"331\" height=\"163\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Polythene is a tasteless, odourless, light, non-poisonous, relatively cheap, thermoplastic polymer. It is used to produce packing materials, trash bags, seat covers, bottles,various containers, toys etc.<\/p>\n<h4>Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)<\/h4>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/astan.lk\/al_virtualclassroom\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/pvc.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-10056\" src=\"http:\/\/astan.lk\/al_virtualclassroom\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/pvc.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"346\" height=\"191\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Although PVC is a thermoplastic, due to the presence of chlorine, PVC does not catch fire easily. Its attractive forces among the chains are stronger than those in polyethylene and therefore is more harder. A special feature of PVC is that it can be processed with stablisers and fillers making it versatile. PVC is used to make water pipes, gutters, wire insulations, films, floor covers, seat covers, raicoat covers, umbrella materials, etc.<\/p>\n<h4>Polystyrene<\/h4>\n<p>\u2022 The monomer is styrene.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/10\/Polystyrene_formation.PNG\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Polystyrene is a transparent substance and a thermoplastic. Made into foam and solidified, it can be used as a insulation and packing material popularly known as &#8216;Rigifoam&#8217;.<\/p>\n<h4>Teflon<\/h4>\n<p>\u2022 Tetrafluoroethene is the monomer.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/astan.lk\/al_virtualclassroom\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/PTFE.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-10058\" src=\"http:\/\/astan.lk\/al_virtualclassroom\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/PTFE.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"425\" height=\"95\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Although it is a thermoplastic due to the presence of halogen it can withstand high temperatures. Therefore, it is used in making fire proof clothing. In addition Teflon is not wettable and therefore, it is used as coatings in non-stick cooking vessels. Being chemically inert, teflon can resist almost all corrosive chemicals, so it is used in valves, seals, gaskets etc. in plants used in chemical industry.<\/p>\n<h4>Polyisoprene (Natural rubber)<\/h4>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/wps.prenhall.com\/wps\/media\/objects\/3312\/3391650\/imag1202\/AAAUBBJ0.GIF\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Rubber is used to make tyres, tubes, mattresses and gloves used in the medical field.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0Natural rubber vulcanization<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Presence of cis-polyisoprene chains is the reason for elasticity of rubber. In order to change the elastic nature of rubber as required and to make it stronger, it is heated with 1% &#8211; 3% sulphur by weight. This is called vulcanisation. Vulcanisation makes cross links among polyisoprene chains through sulphur bridges and more resilient and tougher.By heating with 25% &#8211; 35% sulphur, ebonite is obtained. The vulcanized rubber is not sticky and has superior mechanical properties such as higher elesticity.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Rubber compounding<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Natural rubber or other rubber itself may not be a useful material for a particular purpose.But, based on the material mixed, rubber compounding makes it a useful material with desired properties. Material used in rubber compounding can be classified by the function they serve. Main functional cases are given below.<br \/>\n\u2022 Elastomers<br \/>\n\u2022 Vulcanizing or cross linking agents<br \/>\n\u2022 Accelerators<br \/>\n\u2022 Activators \/ retarders<br \/>\n\u2022 Process aids<br \/>\n\u2022 Softeners and plasticizers<br \/>\n\u2022 Reinforces \/ Fillers<br \/>\n\u2022 Age resistors<\/p>\n<p>For example, cover of a conveyor belt is made of the following compounds.<br \/>\nNatural rubber (Elastomer)<br \/>\nCarbon black (Filler)<br \/>\nZnO (Accelerator)<br \/>\nStearic acid<br \/>\nRubber process oil<br \/>\nResin<br \/>\nN-Cyclohexylbenzothiozole-2-sulfonamide (CBS)<br \/>\nSulphur (Vulcanizing agent)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Condensation polymers<\/h3>\n<p>The polymers formed by the joining of monomers with elimination of small molecules such as H2O, NH3 or HCl are called condensation polymers.<\/p>\n<h4>Polyamides<\/h4>\n<p>\u2022 Polymers formed by joining of monomers by &#8211; CONH &#8211; group are known as polyamides.<br \/>\nNylons are polyamides. One of the commonest is nylon 6,6 which is made by condensation polymerisation between 1, 6 &#8211; diaminohexane and hexanedioic acid. The reaction is more effective when acid chloride is used instead of the dicarboxylic acid.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.nylon66membrane.com\/files\/20100903\/050949983.gif\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Nylon is a thermoplastic polymer and it is used to produce fibres which have structural similarities to silk and wool. Despite its structural similarity to wool, nylon lacks the softness and the moisture &#8211; absorbing properties of the natural fibre. It is, however, harder wearing and has good &#8216;wash and wear&#8217; characteristics. Nylon is mainly used to make soft and light clothing. Other uses include tufted carpets, tyre cords, machine gear wheels and bearings, fishing nets and non wetable tent covers. The elasticity and strength of nylon make it ideal for making stockings and tights.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Polyesters<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>\u2022 Polymers with monomers linked by the -COO- (ester) groups are commonly called<br \/>\npolyesters.<\/p>\n<h4>\u00a0Terelene<\/h4>\n<p>Terelene formed by the condensation polymerisation between ethane -1,2-diol(ethylene glycol) and benzene &#8211; 1,4 &#8211; dicarboxylic acid (Terephthalic acid) is an example for a polyester.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/www.studypage.in\/images\/chem\/organic\/condensation-polymerization.png\" width=\"407\" height=\"229\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Terelene is a thermoplastic. It is used as a substitute for natural fibres such as cotton and wool. Being strong, the fibres are used in the manufacture of fibre glass. It is also used in the production of textiles, photographic films and audio tapes.<\/p>\n<h4>Bakelite<\/h4>\n<p>In the presence conc. H2SO4 phenol and formaldehyde (methanal) react to form a thermosetting polymer know as Bakelite.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/userscontent2.emaze.com\/images\/b7906408-73a0-4379-926b-d773e79c70d6\/b1c0dd19ac5f5d754c4ae8dbe3971b1a.gif\" width=\"374\" height=\"236\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Bakelite is a cross linked three dimensional polymer. These cross links lead to a very rigid structure because the various groups are not free to twist round and move their positions. Bakelite is used to make heat resistant parts of electric utensils.<\/p>\n<h4>Urea-formaldehyde<\/h4>\n<p>In the presence conc. H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub> urea and formaldehyde react to form a thermosetting polymer know as urea-formaldehyde.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/www.chm.bris.ac.uk\/webprojects2002\/robson\/my%20pictures\/form-urea.gif\" width=\"485\" height=\"203\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Urea-formaldehyde is a cross linked three dimensional polymer. Ther are used as thermosetting plastic or adhesives.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u2022 Polymers are large molecules formed by the union of a large number of repeating units. eg. n(C2H4) Polymer Polymers can be classified as natural and synthetic. \u2022 Natural polymers are naturally synthesised in living\/bio systems. eg. Natural rubber, proteins enzymes. \u2022 Synthetic polymers are synthesised by man (man made polymers). eg. Polythene, polyvinyl chloride, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":842,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[14,1680],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6061","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-chemistry","category-unit-15"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Polymers - Learning &amp; Education Portal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/astan.lk\/al_virtualclassroom\/polymers\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Polymers - Learning &amp; Education Portal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u2022 Polymers are large molecules formed by the union of a large number of repeating units. eg. n(C2H4) Polymer Polymers can be classified as natural and synthetic. \u2022 Natural polymers are naturally synthesised in living\/bio systems. eg. 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