{"id":5496,"date":"2020-10-13T09:40:15","date_gmt":"2020-10-13T04:10:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/astan.lk\/al_virtualclassroom\/?p=5496"},"modified":"2020-10-13T09:40:38","modified_gmt":"2020-10-13T04:10:38","slug":"organization-of-cells","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/astan.lk\/al_virtualclassroom\/organization-of-cells\/","title":{"rendered":"Organization of cells"},"content":{"rendered":"

Organization of cells<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms.<\/p>\n

There are two kinds of cellular organization<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Prokaryotic<\/li>\n
  2. Eukaryotic<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic cells. All the other organisms have eukaryotic cells. <\/em><\/p>\n

    All cells share certain basic features. They are;<\/p>\n

      \n
    • All cells are bounded by a plasma membrane which is a selective barrier<\/li>\n
    • Within the cell have semifluid jelly like substance which is called cytosol.<\/li>\n
    • Subcellular components are suspended within the cytosol<\/li>\n
    • They carry DNA as genetic material<\/li>\n
    • Ribosomes are found in all cells<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      Feature<\/strong><\/td>\nProkaryotic cells<\/strong><\/td>\nEukaryotic cells<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Organisms<\/strong><\/td>\nBacteria<\/p>\n

      Archaea bacteria<\/td>\n

      		Protista, fungi, plants, animals<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Cell size<\/strong><\/td>\nAverage diameter (1-5 micrometre)<\/td>\n10-100 micrometre<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Form<\/strong><\/td>\nMainly unicellular<\/td>\nMainly multicellular (except Protista and fungi many of which are unicellular)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Evolutionary origin<\/strong><\/td>\n3.5 billion years ago<\/td>\n1.8 billion years ago, evolved from prokaryotes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Cell division<\/strong><\/td>\nMostly binary fission<\/p>\n

      No spindle formation<\/td>\n

      		Mitosis, meiosis or both<\/p>\n

      Spindle form<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

      Genetic material<\/strong><\/td>\nDNA is circular and lies freely in the cytoplasm<\/p>\n

      This region is called nucleoid.<\/p>\n

      DNA is naked, not associated with proteins or RNA to form chromosomes<\/td>\n

      		DNA is linear and contained in a nucleus.<\/p>\n

      DNA is associated with proteins and RNA to form chromosomes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

      Type of ribosomes<\/strong><\/td>\n70s ribosomes (smaller)<\/td>\nBoth 70s and 80s ribosomes (larger) present, may be attached to endoplasmic reticulum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Organelles<\/strong><\/td>\nFew organelles, none are surrounded by membrane.<\/p>\n

      Internal membranes scares; if present usually associated with respiration, photosynthesis and N2<\/sub> fixation<\/td>\n

      		Many organelles, membrane bounded organelles found. Great diversity of organelles. E.g.-<\/p>\n

      \u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts bound by two membranes.<\/p>\n

      \u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Lysosomes, vacuole, microbodies are bounded by single membrane<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

       <\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      Cell walls<\/strong><\/td>\nBacteria – Peptidoglycan<\/p>\n

      Archea \u2013 Polysaccharide and protein<\/td>\n

      		Cell walls of plants and fungi are rigid and contain polysaccharides; cellulose is the main strengthening compound of plant cell walls<\/p>\n

      Chitin of fungal walls<\/p>\n

      Cell wall is absent in animal cell<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

      Flagella<\/strong><\/td>\nSimple, lacking microtubules; extracellular.<\/p>\n

      Not enclosed by cell surface membrane<\/p>\n

      20nm diameter<\/td>\n

      		Complex with 9+2 arrangement of microtubules.<\/p>\n

      Inter cellular, surrounded by cell surface membrane<\/p>\n

      200nm diameter<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

      Respiration<\/strong><\/td>\nMesosomes in aerobic bacteria, except cytoplasmic membranes in cyanobacteria<\/td>\nMitochondria for aerobic respiration<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Photosynthesis<\/strong><\/td>\nNo chloroplasts.<\/p>\n

      Take place on membranes which show no stacking<\/td>\n

      		Chloroplasts containing membranes which are usually stacked into lamella or grana<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Nitrogen fixation<\/strong><\/td>\nSome have the ability<\/td>\nNon have the ability<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

       <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Organization of cells Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. There are two kinds of cellular organization Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic cells. All the other organisms have eukaryotic cells. All cells share certain basic features. They are; All cells are bounded by a plasma membrane which is a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":842,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[12,1241],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5496","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-biology","category-cellular-basics"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nOrganization of cells - Learning & Education Portal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/astan.lk\/al_virtualclassroom\/organization-of-cells\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Organization of cells - Learning & Education Portal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Organization of cells Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. 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