{"id":2211,"date":"2019-02-14T10:59:15","date_gmt":"2019-02-14T05:29:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/astan.lk\/al_virtualclassroom\/?p=2211"},"modified":"2019-02-14T15:45:16","modified_gmt":"2019-02-14T10:15:16","slug":"%e0%ae%a8%e0%af%80%e0%ae%b0%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%ae%e0%ae%a3%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%9f%e0%ae%b2%e0%ae%ae%e0%af%8d","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/astan.lk\/al_virtualclassroom\/ta\/%e0%ae%a8%e0%af%80%e0%ae%b0%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%ae%e0%ae%a3%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%9f%e0%ae%b2%e0%ae%ae%e0%af%8d\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bae\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bcd"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd<\/strong><br \/>\n(1) \u0bb5\u0bc0\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 , \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd<br \/>\n(2) \u0ba8\u0bc1\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0ba3\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd &#8211; \u0baa\u0b95\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bc0\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe , \u0bb5\u0bc8\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bc1<br \/>\n(3) \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8 \u0b87\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0baf\u0ba9\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bca\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd (\u0bb5\u0bb3\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd , \u0baa\u0bc0\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bca\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba9)<br \/>\n(4) \u0b85\u0bae\u0bbf\u0bb4\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0bae\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc1\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd<br \/>\n(5) \u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb0 \u0b89\u0bb2\u0bcb\u0b95\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd<br \/>\n(6) \u0ba4\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bc6\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/p>\n<h3><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bcd<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0baa\u0bcc\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95 \u0bb5\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd (Physical parameters)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>(1) \u0bb5\u0bc6\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc8<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0bb5\u0bc6\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc8 40\u00baC \u0b87\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bc7\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0b9a\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b89\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u00a0\u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b92\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u00a0\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0bb4\u0bcd \u0b89\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc8 \u0b8f\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>(2) pH \u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bae\u0bcd<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0b9a\u0bc2\u0bb4\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0bc1.\n<ul>\n<li>\u0ba8\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc0\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u00a0\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0bb4\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 6.0 &#8211; 9.0 \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0ba9 pH \u0bb5\u0bc0\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbe\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u00a0\u0ba4\u0bcb\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1.<\/li>\n<li>\u0bb5\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd CO<sub>2<\/sub> , SO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0\u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1 \u0bb5\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u00a0\u0ba4\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bc6\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc0\u0bae\u0bc8 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd pH \u0bae\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bae\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/li>\n<li>\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0ba9\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0b95\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc0\u0bb4\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0ba3 pH \u0bb5\u0bc0\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bc1 6.0 &#8211; 8.5 \u0b86\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.\u00a0pH 6.5 \u0b86\u0b95 \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bae\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u00a0\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0baa\u0bca\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b85\u0bae\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc8\u00a0\u0ba8\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95 \u0b9a\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb2\u0bcd (Soda ash) \u0baa\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/li>\n<li>\u0b9f\u0bca\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bc8\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0b9f\u0bca\u0bb2\u0ba9\u0bae\u0bc8\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bc6\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bae\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc8 \u0ba8\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc8 \u0b95\u0bca\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0ba4\u0bc1.<br \/>\n2H+(aq) + CaCO<sub>3<\/sub>.MgCO<sub>3<\/sub>(s) \u2192 Ca\u00b2+ (aq) + Mg\u00b2+(aq) + 2HCO<sub>3<\/sub>\u00af(aq)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>(3) \u0b95\u0b9f\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba9\u0bcd (Conductivity)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0b9a\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b92\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0b9f\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bc0\u0b9f\u0bc7 \u0b95\u0b9f\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/li>\n<li>\u0b95\u0b9f\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bc1.<br \/>\n(1) \u0b85\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc1 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 (2) \u0b85\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0b9a\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bc1<br \/>\n(3) \u0b92\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1 \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc8 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0(4) \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bc6\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc8<\/li>\n<li>\u0b95\u0b9f\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bc8 (Conductance) \u0b85\u0bb3\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0b85\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bc1 ohm\u00af\u00b9 = \u03a9\u00af\u00b9\u00a0\u0b85\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0ba4\u0bc1<br \/>\n(siemens (S).)<br \/>\n\u0b95\u0b9f\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bb2\u0bc1 =1\/\u0ba4\u0b9f\u0bc8. \u0b87\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0bb3\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1 .\u00a0\u0b86\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0b87\u0ba9\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bc8.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>(4) \u0b95\u0bb2\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc8 (Turbidity)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b92\u0bb3\u0bbf \u0b8a\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bc8 \u0ba4\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.\u00a0\u0b87\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b92\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bca\u0b95\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b9a\u0bc2\u0bb4\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0bae\u0bc8\u00a0\u0b89\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b8f\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>(5) \u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0b92\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba9\u0bc1\u0b9a\u0bc7\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b92\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb5\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bae\u0bcd.\u00a0\u0b85\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb2 \u0b87\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0baf\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc0\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd O<sub>2<\/sub> \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1.<\/li>\n<li>\u0bb5\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b92\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1. O<sub>2<\/sub> \u0b89\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba9\u00a0\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bc8 \u0b92\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bca\u0b95\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/li>\n<li>\u0bb5\u0bc6\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95 \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 O<sub>2<\/sub> \u0b87\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1.<\/li>\n<li>\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 O<sub>2<\/sub> \u0b87\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bc8 \u0baa\u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bc7\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u00a0\u0b85\u0bae\u0bbf\u0bb4\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bbe\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bc8 \u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd , \u0b85\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba9.<\/li>\n<li>\u0b9a\u0bc7\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0b92\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0ba9\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u00a0\u0baa\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>(6) \u0b87\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0baf\u0ba9 \u0b92\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc7\u0bb5\u0bc8 (COD)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>(CHO)<sub>n<\/sub> (aq) + O<sub>2<\/sub>(g) \u2192\u00a0CO<sub>2<\/sub>(g) + y H<sub>2<\/sub>O (l)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0b87\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0baf\u0ba9 \u0bb0\u0bc0\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf \u0b92\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc7\u0ba4\u0ba9 \u0bae\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8\u00a0\u0b92\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bc7\u0bb5\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0b92\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bc1 (mg dm\u00af\u00b3 ) \u0b87\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0baf\u0ba9 \u0b92\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0ba9\u0bcd\u00a0\u0ba4\u0bc7\u0bb5\u0bc8 \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/li>\n<li>\u0b89\u0baa\u0baf\u0bcb\u0b95\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0b92\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0bb3\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b86\u0baf\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bc2\u0b9f\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bcb\u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0b89\u0baa\u0baf\u0bcb\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bc1\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0baf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0b87\u0bae\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u00a0\u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bae\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0baa\u0bca\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb0\u0bcb\u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bc6\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.\u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b92\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc2\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b8e\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc7\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb0\u0bcb\u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bae\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0baa\u0bca\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0bb5\u0bc6\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bbf \u0b9a\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0b8a\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/li>\n<li>\u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bbf\u0baa\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc0\u0bb4\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb0\u0bcb\u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 Cl\u00af \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0b95\u00a0\u0b92\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd. Cl\u00af\u00a0\u0b85\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bc8\u0baf\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0ba4 \u0bae\u0bc7\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0b95\u00a0\u0bae\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bc8 Cr<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>7<\/sub>\u00b2\u00af\u00a0\u0b89\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bae\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0baf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bae\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb2\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95 \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb0\u0bcb\u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bc1\u00a0iron (II) ammonium sulphate\u00a0\u0b89\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bae\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc1\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0baf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.<br \/>\nCr<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>7<\/sub>\u00b2\u00af\u00a0(aq) + 14H+ (aq) + 6e \u2192 2Cr3+ (aq) + 7H<sub>2<\/sub>O (l)<\/li>\n<li>\u0b85\u0bae\u0bbf\u0bb2 \u0b8a\u0b9f\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd ,<br \/>\nO<sub>2<\/sub> (g) + 4H+ (aq) + 4e \u2192\u00a02H<sub>2<\/sub>O (l)<br \/>\n(\u0b9a\u0bc7\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bae\u0bcd)\u00a0\u00a0(CHO)<sub>n<\/sub> (aq) + O<sub>2<\/sub> (g) \u2192\u00a0CO<sub>2<\/sub> (g) + y H<sub>2<\/sub>O (l)<\/li>\n<li>\u0b9a\u0bc7\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bae\u0bbf\u0bb2 \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb0\u0bcb\u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b92\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bc1 ,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">Cr<\/span><sub>2<\/sub><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">O<\/span><sub>7<\/sub><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">\u00b2\u00af (aq) + 14H+ (aq) + 4e \u2192\u00a02Cr\u00b3+ (aq) + 7H<\/span><sub>2<\/sub><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">O (l)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">(7) \u0b89\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b92\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc7\u0bb5\u0bc8 (BOD)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>(CHO)<sub>n<\/sub>(aq) + O<sub>2<\/sub>(g) \u2192\u00a0CO<sub>2<\/sub>(g) + yH<sub>2<\/sub>O (l)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf \u0b92\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc7\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0ba8\u0bc1\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0ba3\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd\u00a0\u0b89\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b92\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b89\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bc7\u0bb5\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0b92\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bc1\u00a0\u0b89\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b92\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc7\u0bb5\u0bc8 \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/li>\n<li>\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0b92\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb0\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f ( consumed\u00a0) \u0b92\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bc8\u00a0\u0b89\u0baa\u0baf\u0bcb\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 BOD \u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc1\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0baf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/li>\n<li>BOD \u0b87\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb5\u0bc8 \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0b92\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0ba9\u0bc8\u00a0\u0b89\u0baa\u0baf\u0bcb\u0b95\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0bae\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0bc1\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0bae\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd , \u0b87\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf \u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bb5\u0bc8 BOD \u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8\u00a0\u0b95\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bb5\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/li>\n<li>\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf \u0b92\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0b92\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u00a0\u0b92\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb2\u00a0\u0b8e\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bca\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95 5 \u0ba8\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.\u0b87\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0b9a\u0bc7\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b92\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.\u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0b92\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bc1\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0baf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0b95\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bcd\u00a0\u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b89\u0baa\u0baf\u0bcb\u0b95\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0b92\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd BOD\u00a0\u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>(8) \u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0b85\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc8<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0b89\u0baf\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b8f\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bca\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0b89\u0bb2\u0bcb\u0b95 \u0b85\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc2\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0b95 Ca\u00b2+ , Mg\u00b2+ \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba9\u00a0\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0b85\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bc7 \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0ba3\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc8\u00a0\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 Ca\u00b2+ , Mg\u00b2+ \u0b85\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bca\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0b8f\u0ba9\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b8f\u0ba9\u0bc8\u0baf \u0b89\u0bb2\u0bcb\u0b95 \u0b85\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bc7\u00a0\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bb5\u0bc7 \u0ba8\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b87\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 Ca , Mg \u0b90 \u0baa\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf \u0bae\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb2\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bcb\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0bb5\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b89\u0b9f\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bb2\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bc0\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2. \u0bb5\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bc1 \u0b9a\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bcd\u00a0\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0baf\u0bae\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba4 \u0b92\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b85\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.\u00a0\u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bae\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0bb5\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bca\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u00a0\u0bb5\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd , \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb4\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd , \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bc6\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd\u00a0\u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0b95\u0bc0\u0bb4\u0bc7\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0baa\u0bc2\u0bae\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1, \u0bb5\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u00a0\u0ba4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf \u0ba8\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bcd , \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bc8\u0baf \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc0\u0bb4\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0b86\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb5\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc8 \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc0\u0bb4\u0bcd\u00a0\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bcd , \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf \u0baa\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bc8 \u0b86\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb5\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u00a0\u0b85\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1.<br \/>\nCa\u00b2+(aq) \/ Mg\u00b2+(aq) + 2HCO<sub>3<\/sub>\u00af(aq)\u00a0\u2192 CaCO<sub>3<\/sub>(s) + MgCO<sub>3<\/sub>(s) + CO<sub>2<\/sub>(g) + H<sub>2<\/sub>O(l)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 (Fe)<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bc8 \u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u00a0\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b86\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u00a0\u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b86\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb0\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b8e\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc1\u00a0\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0bae\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bae\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0b89\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbe\u0bb4\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u00a0\u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc8 \u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd( iron-reducing) \u0baa\u0b95\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0b95\u00a0\u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba9. \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bca\u0ba3\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95\u0b95\u0bcd<br \/>\n\u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0b87\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b9a\u0bb2\u0bb5\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0b8f\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0b89\u0bb2\u0bcb\u0b95\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bc8\u00a0\u0b89\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc1 0.3 mg dm\u00b3 \u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bc7 \u0b87\u0ba4\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u00a0\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0ba3\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b85\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc8 \u0baa\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0baa\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 (F\u00af)<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">\u0b87\u0bb2\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bc6\u0bb5\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0b87\u0b9f\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bc6\u0bb5\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0baa\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u00a0\u0b85\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0b8e\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bb2\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bc2\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b87\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0b9f\u0bbf \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd F\u00af \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bc2\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0b95\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.\u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0baa\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc8\u00a0\u0b8f\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0baa\u0bca\u0b9a\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 (PO<sub>4<\/sub>\u00b3\u00af )<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8 \u0ba4\u0bc2\u0baf\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bb3\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd PO<sub>4<\/sub>\u00b3\u00af \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0b85\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcb\u0b9a\u0ba3\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd\u00a0\u0b8f\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe \u0bb5\u0bb3\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0b87\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b92\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u00a0\u0b85\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0ba8\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 (NO<sub>3<\/sub>\u00af)<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc0\u0bb4\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0b9a\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bca\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0b86\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.\u0ba8\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf \u0b92\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0ba9\u0bc8 \u0b8e\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b9a\u0bcd 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\u0bb5\u0bb3\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u00a0\u0bae\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd , \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b86\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb5\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba9 \u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd\u00a0\u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bcd NO<sub>3<\/sub>\u00af\u00a0\u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc0\u0bb4\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bc8 \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u00a0\u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95 \u0baa\u0b95\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bae\u0bcb\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0bae\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>(1) <strong>\u0b85\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bcd<\/strong> &#8211;\u00a0Sedimentation<br \/>\n\u2022 \u0ba4\u0bca\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0bae \u0ba4\u0bc1\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc6\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.\u00a0\u0b85\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1 \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc6\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.<br \/>\n\u2022 \u0bb5\u0bc6\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bb5\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b85\u0b95\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b87\u0bb0\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd\u00a0\u0baa\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b89\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/p>\n<p>(2) <strong>\u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bb3\u0bb2\u0bcd<\/strong> (Coagulation)<br \/>\n\u2022 \u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba8\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bcb\u0b95\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b86\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0b9a\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd , \u0b85\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b89\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc8\u00a0(\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bcd) \u0b89\u0baa\u0baf\u0bcb\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1.<br \/>\n\u2022 \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd Al(III) \u0b85\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0ba4\u0bc1 Fe(III)\u00a0\u0baf\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bca\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.<br \/>\n<span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">\u2022 \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baf \u0b85\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b90\u0ba4\u0bb0\u0bca\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b9a\u0bc8\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd(III)\u00a0<\/span>\u0b90\u0ba4\u0bb0\u0bca\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bc8\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bc0\u0bb4\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bc1\u00a0\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bca\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/p>\n<p>(3) <strong>\u0bb5\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0b95\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bb2\u0bcd<\/strong> (Flocculation &amp; Filtration)<br \/>\n\u2022 \u0b87\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf \u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b92\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0b9a\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf \u0ba4\u0bc1\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b86\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u00a0\u0bb5\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.<br \/>\n\u2022 \u0b87\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc6\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0bae\u0ba3\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bc2\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0bb5\u0bc6\u0bb5\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bc1\u00a0\u0bb5\u0b95\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0bae\u0ba3\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bcb\u0b9f \u0baa\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.<br \/>\n\u2022 \u0ba8\u0bc1\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0bae\u0ba3\u0bb2\u0bcd \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u2022 \u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0ba3\u0bb2\u0bcd<br \/>\n\u2022 \u0b9a\u0bb0\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u2022 \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd<br \/>\n\u2022 \u0bb5\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0b95\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0ba8\u0bc1\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd , \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bca\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u00a0\u0b85\u0b95\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0bb5\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc0\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0b87\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0baf\u0ba9\u0baa\u0bcd\u00a0\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0b95\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba9.<\/p>\n<h3><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u0ba4\u0bca\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>(1) \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bc0\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0baa\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bc1<\/strong><br \/>\n\u2022 \u0ba4\u0bca\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0b95 Cl<sub>2<\/sub> , ClO<sub>2<\/sub> , \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bcb\u0b85\u0bae\u0bc0\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba9 \u0baa\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0b87\u0bb5\u0bc8\u00a0\u0b92\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0b95\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bc0\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bca\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0b95\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bc0\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd\u00a0\u0b89\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bc8 \u0bae\u0bc0\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bc0\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bc8 \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bc0\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc7\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bc0\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bca\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0ba9 trihalomethanes,\u00a0\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bc0\u0ba9\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0baf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0baa\u0bc0\u0ba9\u0bcb\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb5\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc8 \u0b89\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>(2) \u0b93\u0b9a\u0bcb\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0baa\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bc1<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n\u2022 \u0b93\u0b9a\u0bcb\u0ba9\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0b95\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bc0\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bc8 \u0b92\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b87\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0b87\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0b95\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bc0\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbe\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bb5\u0bc7 \u0b93\u0b9a\u0bcb\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd\u00a0\u0ba4\u0bca\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b89\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bc7\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0b93\u0b9a\u0bcb\u0ba9\u0bcd\u00a0\u0baa\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bae\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc2\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bc1.\u00a0\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bc0\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b93\u0b9a\u0bcb\u0ba9\u0bc8 \u0b9a\u0bc7\u0bae\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95 \u0bb5\u0bc7\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b85\u0bb5\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bc8.\u00a0\u0b85\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b89\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc2\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bc1.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>(3) UV \u0b95\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0baa\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bc1<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n\u2022 \u0b87\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0b95\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe , \u0bb5\u0bc8\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bc1 \u0b87\u0bb0\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0b93\u0b9a\u0bcb\u0ba9\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0b87\u0ba4\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u00a0\u0baa\u0b95\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbe\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bae\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bc1.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd (1) \u0bb5\u0bc0\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 , \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd (2) \u0ba8\u0bc1\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0ba3\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd &#8211; \u0baa\u0b95\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bc0\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe , \u0bb5\u0bc8\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bc1 (3) \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8 \u0b87\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0baf\u0ba9\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bca\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd (\u0bb5\u0bb3\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd , \u0baa\u0bc0\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bca\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba9) (4) \u0b85\u0bae\u0bbf\u0bb4\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0bae\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc1\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd (5) \u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb0 \u0b89\u0bb2\u0bcb\u0b95\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd (6) \u0ba4\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bc6\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcc\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95 \u0bb5\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd (Physical parameters) (1) \u0bb5\u0bc6\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc8 \u0bb5\u0bc6\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc8 40\u00baC \u0b87\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bc7\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0b9a\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b89\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u00a0\u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b92\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u00a0\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0bb4\u0bcd [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":842,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2919,34],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2211","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-2919","category-34"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bae\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bcd - Learning &amp; Education Portal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/astan.lk\/al_virtualclassroom\/ta\/\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bae\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bcd\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bae\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bcd - Learning &amp; Education Portal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd (1) \u0bb5\u0bc0\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 , \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd (2) \u0ba8\u0bc1\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0ba3\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd &#8211; \u0baa\u0b95\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bc0\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe , \u0bb5\u0bc8\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bc1 (3) \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8 \u0b87\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0baf\u0ba9\u0baa\u0bcd 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content=\"Learning &amp; Education Portal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-02-14T05:29:15+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2019-02-14T10:15:16+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"1 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" 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