• Inflation as the continuous increase of the general price level in the economy.
• Inflation can be analyzed using the following approaches:
  • Demands pull inflation
  • Costs push inflation
  • Structural inflation

Demand pull Inflation 

• Demand pull inflation occurs due to too much money chasing few goods.
• Financial expansion, Increase in government debts and increase in government expenditure cause increase in demand.
• Theory of demand inflation has two approaches called the quantity theory of money analysis and Keynesian analysis.

Costs push Inflation

• Cost push inflation occurs due to the increase of the prices of goods and services followed by the increase of cost of production with higher prices of inputs.

Structural Inflation 

• Structural inflation occurs due to rigidity, limitations and inelasticities in the economic structure.

• There are many indices available to measure the general price level in Sri Lanka.
• Among them, some are consumer price indices and some are prices used to measure total price level.
  • New Colombo consumers’ price index.
  • Wholesale price index.
  • Deflator Price index.

• General Price level is an index that reflects all the prices of goods and services.
• It is difficult to obtain a meaningful value on the general price level by simply adding the value of each good expressed in terms of rupees and cents.
• Therefore should obtain stated value of indices instead of value in rupees.
• Value of any variable that varies with time can be expressed through indices.
• Price indices are used to indicate the percentage changes of values of a time series compared to the base year.
• When the base year value is considered as 100 the amount of percentage changes of time series values for other years can be calculated.

Effective dose
Effective dose is used in considering the effect to biological things by various radiations.
Effective dose = Radiation dose x Q-Factor

Quality Factor (Q-Factor) is also called Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE)
Equivalent dose, the SI unit of equivalent dose for human is the Sievert (Sv), older unit is rem, 1 Sv = 100 rem.

Publicized early in the debate about whether light was composed of particles or waves, a wave-particle dual nature soon was found to be characteristic of electrons as well. The evidence for the description of light as waves was well established at the turn of the century when the photoelectric effect introduced firm evidence of a particle nature as well. On the other hand, the particle properties of electrons was well documented when the DeBroglie hypothesis and the subsequent experiments by Davisson and Germer established the wave nature of the electron.

Phenomenon	Can be explained in terms of waves.	Can be explained in terms of particles.
Reflection
Refraction
Interference
Diffraction
Polarization
Photoelectric effect

de Broglie wavelength